Gold mining has now occupied a central place in the (mining) economy of Senegal since the early 2000’s. This article explores and analyses the indicators and factors of the evolution of the gold sector, drawing on both on bibliographic information, documents of various nature but also empirical observations from several field surveys. It appears that gold mining in Senegal is exclusively concentrated in the south-east of Senegal, more precisely in the Kédougou region. Also, although industrial gold mining is the subject of particular attention from public authorities and communities, artisanal (or semi-mechanized) gold mining also arouses real interest in view of the numerous initiatives taken to better supervise it. As a result, the governance of gold sector still needs to be improved for equitable access to the resource and a dialogue that is both inclusive and balanced between stakeholders.